The Ordinary Lactic Acid 5% + HA 2% - a high-strength lactic acid superficial peeling formulation. Lactic Acid is an alpha hydroxyl acid that exfoliates the skin. This 10% formulation offers mild exfoliation and is supported with a purified Tasmanian pepperberry known to reduce signs of inflammation and sensitivity that are often associated with exfoliation. This formula contains a studied Tasmanian Pepperberry derivative to help reduce irritation associated with acid use. This derivative is of plant origin and varies in color seasonally and this color variation may be apparent in the formula from time to time. The pH of this formula is approximately 3.8. Lactic Acid has a pKa of 3.8 and pKa is the most important aspect to consider in formulating with acids. implies acid availability. When pKa is close to pH, there is an ideal balance between salt and acidity, maximizing the effectiveness of the acid and reducing irritation. Higher pH numbers in such a case would increase salt which counter-intuitively would make the formula even more irritating than if the formula was more acidic. Alcohol-free, nut-free, vegan. Note: While Lactic Acid can result in quick visible benefits, we generally suggest indirect forms of skin exfoliation in favor of direct forms such as this formula due to potential inflammation and sensitivity associated with acids. Lactic Acid should not be used on sensitive, peeling or compromised skin. Please refer to the additional sun protection notes and other warnings in provided Directions. DIRECTIONS Apply once per day, ideally in the PM. Can be diluted with other treatments to reduce strength until the skin develops tolerance.